Exceptionally high mortality of adult female salmon: a large-scale pattern and a conservation concern

In recent decades, the relative proportion of female sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) on spawning grounds of several British Columbia populations has declined. Coincident with the decline has been large changes to oceanic, estuarine and river migration environments. Over the past 30 years, numerous telemetry tracking and laboratory studies have examined mortality of adult Fraser River sockeye salmon during ocean and freshwater migrations. We reviewed 19 studies that provided 40 situations where male and female mortality could be directly compared. Female mortality averaged 2.1 times greater than males, and up to 8-fold higher. High female mortality was also evident in migrating coho salmon (O. kisutch) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), and for sockeye salmon in other systems. Female mortality was highest when migration conditions were challenging (e.g. high / turbulent flows, high temperatures, confinement, or handling), and towards end of river migration. We review mechanisms for differential mortality, including energy exhaustion, cardiac performance, physiological stress, and immune factors. Female-specific mortality will become even more pronounced in coming years as ocean and riverine conditions continue to change.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

The Political Economy of Privatization: Empirical Evidence from Transition Economies

La présente étude donne une preuve systématique de l'aptitude de l'économie politique à expliquer les solutions nationales du droit de la propriété, indépendamment des pays et des secteurs. Un modèle politico-économique de la privatisation est développé et testé en se servant des progrès avec les privatisations petites et grandes/importantes dans les 14 pays de transition du centre et est européen dans un laps de temps allant de 1994à 2000. Il est prouvé que les progrès divergents dans les grandes privatisations sont dus largement à des limitations structurelles et financières des décideurs politiques ainsi qu'à des constellations diverses de groupes d'intérêt nationaux. La petite privatisation par contre n'est pas affectée de manière décisive par les limitations politiques et les groupes d'intérêt. Ce résultat renforce l'hypothèse que l'aptitude de différentes théories à expliquer les changements de structures du droit de propriété dépend de manière décisive de la nature spécifique des structures initiales. Copyright WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG 2004.